How do scientists know that atoms exist and what they look like if they can't see them on a microscope?

 Scientists know that atoms exist and have a certain structure because of the way they behave and interact with other particles and materials. Atoms are too small to be seen with a microscope, but scientists have developed a variety of techniques to study them and understand their properties.

One way that scientists study atoms is by using spectroscopy, which is a technique that involves measuring the way atoms absorb and emit light. By analyzing the light emitted by atoms, scientists can determine the types of atoms present and their chemical properties.

Another way that scientists study atoms is through scattering experiments, in which atoms are bombarded with particles or waves, such as electrons or X-rays. By analyzing the way the atoms scatter the particles or waves, scientists can determine the size and shape of the atoms.

Finally, scientists also use computer simulations to model the behavior of atoms and predict their properties. By using advanced algorithms and high-performance computing, scientists can create virtual models of atoms and study their behavior under different conditions.

Overall, scientists have developed a range of techniques and tools that allow them to study atoms and understand their properties, even though they are too small to be seen directly.